Binding molecules to cd38 and pd-l1

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a bispecific molecule comprising at least one anti-CD38 domain and at least one anti-PD-L1 domain, which are capable of simultaneous binding to CD38 and PD-L1 antigens, respectively.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 16/088,181, filedSep. 25, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,505,616, which is the U.S. nationalstage application of International Patent Application No.PCT/EP2017/057220, filed Mar. 27, 2017.

The Sequence Listing for this application is labeled“Seq-List-replace.xml” which was created on Jan. 30, 2023, and is 47,757bytes. The entire content of the sequence listing is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

The invention relates to CD38/PD-L1 binding molecules, especiallyantibodies, targeting CD38 and PD-L1, methods for the production ofthese molecules, compositions, and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is the third most common haematological malignancywith 114,000 cases globally per year. Despite advances in treatment, MMremains one of the few haematological malignancies with an unmet medicalneed. Once patients progress through front-line therapy and haverelapsed or refractory (r/r) disease, treatment options are verylimited. However, in the recent years anti-MM tumor target antigens(TAA) have been developed. One anti-CD38 antibody, daratumumab, has beenapproved for the treatment of patients with relapsed MM and otheranti-CD38 antibodies are currently in development (isatuximab andMOR-202, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,263,746). However, thereis a need to improve responses that are currently in the range of30-35%. It was demonstrated that the activity of anti-CD38 antibodiesmay be enhanced by immunomodulatory therapeutics (e.g. lenalidomide),which stimulate the immune system of patients. Additionally it wasdemonstrated that one of the mechanisms of resistance of MM tumor cellsto antibody therapies is associated with the increased signalling ofcheckpoint inhibitor pathways (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1). Therefore, there is anopportunity to enhance cytotoxicity of anti-CD38 antibodies against MMtumor cells and simultaneously activate the immune system by inhibitingcheckpoint inhibitor pathways (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1).

In physiological conditions, PD-L1 plays a major role as guard againstautoimmunity by down-regulating the immune system. It is expressed onimmune “APC-like” cells (T cells, NK cells, macrophages, myeloid DCs, Bcells, epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells) and tumor cells.PD-L1 binds to its cognate receptors PD-1 and B7-1, and negativelyregulates immune cells (T cells, NK cells, etc.), by inhibiting theirproliferation and activation.

In pathological conditions, PD-L1 is highly expressed by tumor cells(>90% MM patients) and is associated with poor prognosis. Blockingantibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways (anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4,anti-PD-L1, etc.) have demonstrated remarkable activity in differenttypes of cancer (lung, melanoma etc.). Signs of efficacy have beenobserved in MM, however the activity of this class of promisingtherapeutics is still suboptimal in MM. One of the reasons could be thatmolecules, which possess beneficial activity/side effect profile (e.g.anti-PD-L1) require near stoichiometric blocking/saturation of theirtargets to elicit maximal immunostimulatory effect on T cells.

Therefore, specific targeting of anti-PD-L1 antibodies to the site oftumors (e.g. targeting CD38+ cancer cells) may help deliveringanti-PD-L1 therapeutics to the site where immune stimulation isrequired, and may result in maximal immune cell stimulation allowing thecomplete blocking of PD-L1 on tumor and microenvironment cells. Suchtargeted immune cell activation at tumor sites may also reduce systemicactivation of the immune cells, prevent adverse side effects, and permithigher dosing of therapeutic antibodies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To harness the cytotoxic capacity of T cells, BK cells and other immunecells for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and other cancers,preferably CD38+ cancers, bispecific molecules with two binding sites(specific for CD38 and PD-L1 respectively) were designed. The bispecificmolecules of the invention remove the inhibition of the immune systemassociated with the interaction of PD-1 on T cells and NK cells andPD-L1, expressed on tumor and tumor microenvironment cells. Suchmolecules are useful in treating cancers, especially multiple myeloma orany CD38+ cancers, which overexpress PD-L1, and grow in themicroenvironments of PD-L1 expressing immune cells (PlasmacytoidDendritic Cell, Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells) that further inhibit Tcells and NK cells. The molecules of the invention facilitate theAntibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, andcomplement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of CD38+/PD-L1+ tumor cells aswell as PD-L1+ cells of tumor microenvironment cells.

In one of the embodiments of the invention, several bispecificCD38/PD-L1 molecules, comprising anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1 domains, areengineered. These bispecific CD38/PD-L1 molecules are capable ofsimultaneous binding to both antigens.

More particularly, bispecific CD38/PD-L1 antibodies, comprisinganti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1 domains, are engineered. These bispecificCD38/PD-L1 antibodies are capable of simultaneous binding to bothantigens.

In a preferred embodiment, bispecific CD38/PD-L1 antibodies areexpressed in CHO cells and are purified by affinity chromatographyemploying Protein A resins. Antibody binding properties arecharacterized in in vitro assays. They simultaneously bind both CD38 andPD-L1 in ELISA assay.

The bispecific tetravalent four Fab antibodies, having the structure ofFIG. 1A or 1B are designated BiXAb®, a trademark of BiomunexTherapeutics.

The antibody of the invention is a bispecific and bivalent for CD38 andPD-L1. The antigen-binding bispecific antibodies of the invention arefull-length bispecific antibodies consisting of a continuous “compositeheavy chain” (made of the natural heavy chain of IgG of mAb1 followed byLinkers and the Fab heavy chain of mAb2), which is constructed of an Fc(Hinge-CH2-CH3) followed by antibody 1 Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) and thesuccessive Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) of antibody 2, the latter joined bya hinge-derived polypeptide linker sequence, and the resulting compositeheavy chain during protein expression, associates with the identicalsecond composite heavy chain, while the co-expressed Fab light chains(LC) of antibody 2 and of antibody 1 associate with their cognate heavychain domains in order to form the final tandem F(ab′)₂-Fc molecule; theantibody 1 (Ab1) and the antibody 2 (Ab2) being different and selectedfrom the group consisting of anti-CD38 antibodies (daratumumab,isatuximab, MOR-202 or any other anti-CD38 antibody) or their mutatedderivatives and anti-PD-L1 antibodies (atezolizumab, durvalumab,avelumab, MDX-1105 or any other anti-PD-L1 antibody) or their mutatedderivatives.

The BiXAb® antibodies are able to bind bivalently both to CD38 andPD-L1.

Further described is a polypeptide which consists of a heavy chain ofthe bispecific antibody as defined above, as well as a polynucleotidecomprising a sequence encoding said polypeptide.

A host cell transfected with an expression vector comprising saidpolynucleotide is also described.

Still another object of the invention is a method for preparing thebispecific antibodies of the invention.

A method for producing the bispecific antibody of the invention is thusprovided, said method comprising the following steps: a) culturing insuitable medium and culture conditions a host cell expressing anantibody heavy chain as defined above, and antibody light chains asdefined above; and b) recovering said produced antibodies from theculture medium or from said cultured cells.

The invention makes use of recombinant vectors, in particular expressionvectors, comprising polynucleotides encoding the heavy and light chainsdefined herein, associated with transcription- andtranslation-controlling elements which are active in the host cellchosen. Vectors which can be used to construct expression vectors inaccordance with the invention are known in themselves, and will bechosen in particular as a function of the host cell one intends to use.Preferably, said host cell is transformed with a polynucleotide encodinga heavy chain and two polynucleotides encoding two different lightchains. Said polynucleotides can be inserted in a same expressionvector, or in separate expression vectors. The method for producing theantibodies of the invention comprises culturing such host-cell andrecovering said antigen-binding fragments or antibody from said culture.

LEGENDS TO THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic representations of a bispecific antibodyof the invention, which comprises two heavy chains, and four lightchains.

FIG. 2 shows a SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of bispecificantibodies BiXAbs 4218, 4219 and 5104 under reducing conditions.

FIG. 3 shows a SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of BiXAbs 4218,4219 and 5104 under non-reducing conditions.

FIG. 4 shows the ELISA binding assay for BiXAbs 4218 and 4219.

FIG. 5 shows the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of BiXAb-6567under reducing and non-reducing conditions. Lane 1: the migration ofBiXAb-6567 under reducing conditions; lane 2: molecular weight markerswith the weight of each band indicated; lane 3: the migration ofBiXAb-6567 under non-reducing conditions.

FIG. 6 shows the Size Exclusion chromatography analysis of BiXAb-6567.

FIG. 7 shows the melting profiles of the two parental antibodies(anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1) and BiXAb-6567 as determined by DigitalScanning calorimetry.

FIG. 8A shows the binding profiles of the two parental antibodies(anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1) and BiXAb-6567 in a direct CD38 antigenbinding ELISA. FIG. 8B shows the binding profiles of the two parentalantibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1) and BiXAb-6567 in a direct PD-L1antigen binding ELISA. FIG. 8C shows the binding profile of BiXAb-6567in a dual antigen (PD-L1 and CD38) binding ELISA.

FIGS. 9A to 9C show Fluorescence-activated cell sorting profiles of thetwo parental mAbs (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1) and BiXAb-6567 on threedifferent cell lines, 9A: multiple myeloma RPMI-8226, 9B: CHO cellsstably transfected with full-length CD38, and 9C: ovarian cancer cellline SKOV-3.

FIG. 10 shows the titration binding profiles on the CHO-CD38 cell lineof the two parental antibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1), BiXAb-6567,and the negative control anti-CD20 antibody.

FIG. 11 shows the cytotoxic activity profiles of the two parentalantibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1), BiXAb-6567, and two negativecontrol antibodies, anti-CD20 and anti-HER2, in an ADCC assay employinga multiple myeloma cell line, RPMI-8226, as target cells andunfractionated non-pre-activated mononuclear cells as effector cells.

FIG. 12 shows the cytotoxic activity profiles of the two parentalantibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1), BiXAb-6567, and two negativecontrol antibodies, anti-CD20 and anti-HER2, in an ADCC assay with theCHO-CD38 cell line as target cells and unfractionated non-pre-activatedmononuclear cells as effector cells.

FIG. 13 shows the cytotoxic activity profiles of the two parentalantibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1), BiXAb-6567, and two negativecontrol antibodies, anti-CD20 and anti-HER2, in an ADCC assay with theSKOV-3 cell line as target cells and enriched IL-12 pre-activated NKcells as effector cells.

FIG. 14 shows the cytotoxic activity profiles of the two parentalantibodies (anti-CD38 and anti-PD-L1), BiXAb-6567, and two negativecontrol antibodies, anti-CD20 and anti-HER2, in an ADCC assay with theSKOV-3 cell line as target cells and enriched IL-15 pre-activated NKcells as effector cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The basic structure of a naturally occurring antibody molecule is aY-shaped tetrameric quaternary structure consisting of two identicalheavy chains and two identical light chains, held together bynon-covalent interactions and by inter-chain disulfide bonds.

In mammalian species, there are five types of heavy chains: α, δ, ε, γ,and μ, which determine the class (isotype) of immunoglobulin: IgA, IgD,IgE, IgG, and IgM, respectively. The heavy chain N-terminal variabledomain (VH) is followed by a constant region, containing three domains(numbered CH1, CH2, and CH3 from the N-terminus to the C-terminus) inheavy chains γ, α, and δ, while the constant region of heavy chains μand ε is composed of four domains (numbered CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4 fromthe N-terminus to the C-terminus). The CH1 and CH2 domains of IgA, IgG,and IgD are separated by a flexible hinge, which varies in lengthbetween the different classes and in the case of IgA and IgG, betweenthe different subtypes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 have respectivelyhinges of 15, 12, 62 (or 77), and 12 amino acids, and IgA1 and IgA2 haverespectively hinges of 20 and 7 amino acids.

There are two types of light chains: A and K, which can associate withany of the heavy chains isotypes, but are both of the same type in agiven antibody molecule. Both light chains appear to be functionallyidentical. Their N-terminal variable domain (VL) is followed by aconstant region consisting of a single domain termed CL.

The heavy and light chains pair by protein/protein interactions betweenthe CH1 and CL domains, and via VH/VL interactions and the two heavychains associate by protein/protein interactions between their CH3domains. The structure of the immunoglobulin molecule is generallystabilized by interchains disulfide bonds between the CH1 and CL domainsand between the hinges.

The antigen-binding regions correspond to the arms of the Y-shapedstructure, which consist each of the complete light chain paired withthe VH and CH1 domains of the heavy chain, and are called the Fabfragments (for Fragment antigen binding). Fab fragments were firstgenerated from native immunoglobulin molecules by papain digestion whichcleaves the antibody molecule in the hinge region, on the amino-terminalside of the interchains disulfide bonds, thus releasing two identicalantigen-binding arms. Other proteases such as pepsin, also cleave theantibody molecule in the hinge region, but on the carboxy-terminal sideof the interchains disulfide bonds, releasing fragments consisting oftwo identical Fab fragments and remaining linked through disulfidebonds; reduction of disulfide bonds in the F(ab′)2 fragments generatesFab′ fragments.

The part of the antigen binding region corresponding to the VH and VLdomains is called the Fv fragment (for Fragment variable); it containsthe CDRs (complementarity determining regions), which form theantigen-binding site (also termed paratope).

The effector region of the antibody which is responsible of its bindingto effector molecules or cells, corresponds to the stem of the Y-shapedstructure, and contains the paired CH2 and CH3 domains of the heavychain (or the CH2, CH3 and CH4 domains, depending on the class ofantibody), and is called the Fc (for Fragment crystallisable) region.

Due to the identity of the two heavy chains and the two light chains,naturally occurring antibody molecules have two identicalantigen-binding sites and thus bind simultaneously to two identicalepitopes.

An antibody “specifically binds” to a target antigen if it binds withgreater affinity, avidity, more readily, and/or with greater durationthan it binds to other substances. “Specific binding” or “preferentialbinding” does not necessarily require (although it can include)exclusive binding. Generally, but not necessarily, reference to bindingmeans preferential binding.

The terms “subject,” “individual,” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably herein and refer to a mammal being assessed fortreatment and/or being treated. Subjects may be human, but also includeother mammals, particularly those mammals useful as laboratory modelsfor human disease, e.g. mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, etc.

The term “treatment” or “treating” refers to an action, application ortherapy, wherein a subject, including a human being, is subjected tomedical aid with the purpose of improving the subject's condition,directly or indirectly. Particularly, the term refers to reducingincidence, or alleviating symptoms, eliminating recurrence, preventingrecurrence, preventing incidence, improving symptoms, improvingprognosis or combination thereof in some embodiments. The skilledartisan would understand that treatment does not necessarily result inthe complete absence or removal of symptoms. For example, with respectto cancer, “treatment” or “treating” may refer to slowing neoplastic ormalignant cell growth, proliferation, or metastasis, preventing ordelaying the development of neoplastic or malignant cell growth,proliferation, or metastasis, or some combination thereof.

Design of the Preferred Bispecific Antibodies:

The invention provides bispecific tetravalent antibodies, comprising twobinding sites to each of their targets, and a functional Fc domainallowing the activation of effector functions such as antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis, andcomplement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).

The antibodies of the invention are full-length antibodies. Theypreferably comprise heavy chains and light chains from humanimmunoglobulins, preferably IgG, still preferably IgG1.

The light chains preferably are Kappa light chains.

In a preferred embodiment, the linker of the invention connects twopairs of IgG Fab domains in a tetra-Fab bispecific antibody format, theamino acid sequence of which comprises the heavy chain sequences of atleast two Fab joined by a linker, followed by the native hinge sequence,followed by the IgG Fc sequence, coexpressed with the appropriate IgGlight chain sequences.

An example of the antibodies of the invention, which have an IgG-likestructure, is illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B.

The bispecific antibodies of the invention typically comprise

-   -   a continuous heavy chain constructed of an Fc (Hinge-CH2-CH3),    -   followed by antibody 1 Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) and the        successive Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) of antibody 2, the latter        joined by a hinge-derived polypeptide linker sequence,    -   and during protein expression the resulting heavy chain        assembles into dimers while the co-expressed antibody 1 and        antibody 2 light chains (VL-CL) associate with their cognate        heavy chains in order to form the final tandem F(ab)′2-Fc        molecule, the antibody 1 (Ab1) and the antibody 2 (Ab2) being        different.

Ab1 and Ab2, being different, independently are selected from the groupconsisting of an anti-CD38 antibody (such as daratumumab) and ananti-PD-L1 antibody (such as atezolizumab).

Daratumumab binds a unique CD38 epitope at the C-terminal region ofhuman CD38, amino acids 233 to 246 and 267 to 280, with amino acids inpositions 272 and 274 being particularly important for binding.Advantageously, Ab1 and/or Ab2 may be antibodies that bind to the sameepitope, or overlapping epitope (e.g. with an overlap of at least 4amino acids) with respect to daratumumab.

In another embodiment, Ab1 and/or Ab2 may be antibodies that bind to thesame epitope, or overlapping epitope with respect to atezolizumab.

In a particular embodiment, the bispecific molecule is a bispecificantibody which comprises, preferably consists of, a) two heavy chains,each comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:1 and b) four lightchains, two comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:2, the twoothers comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO: 3. Suchbispecific antibody is designated BiXAb-4218.

In another particular embodiment, the bispecific molecule is abispecific antibody which comprises, preferably consists of, a) twoheavy chains, each comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:4 andb) four light chains, two comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ IDNO:5, the two others comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO: 6.Such bispecific antibody is designated BiXAb-4219.

In another particular embodiment, the bispecific molecule is abispecific antibody which comprises, preferably consists of, a) twoheavy chains, each comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:7 andb) four light chains, two comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ IDNO:8, the two others comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO: 9.Such bispecific antibody is designated BiXAb-5104.

In a preferred embodiment, the bispecific molecule is a bispecificantibody which comprises, preferably consists of, a) two heavy chains,each comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:10 and b) fourlight chains, two comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO:11,the two others comprising, preferably consisting of, SEQ ID NO: 12. Suchbispecific antibody is designated BiXAb-6567.

The heavy chain (SEQ ID NO:10) comprises

-   -   VH of daratumumab (SEQ ID NO:22)    -   CH1 domain (human IgG1 of G1m(3) allotype with mutations L124Q        and S188V) of daratumumab Fab (SEQ ID NO:23)    -   AP linker (SEQ ID NO:15)    -   VH of atezolizumab (SEQ ID NO: 24)    -   CH1 domain (human IgG1 of G1m(3) allotype with the mutation        T192D) of atezolizumab Fab (SEQ ID NO:25)    -   Hinge of human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO:26)    -   CH2 domain of human IgG1 (SEQ ID NO:27)    -   CH3 domain of human IgG1 of G1m(3) allotype (SEQ ID NO:28).

Light chain SEQ ID NO: 11 comprises

-   -   VL of daratumumab (SEQ ID NO:29)    -   CKappa domain of daratumumab with mutations V133T and S176V (SEQ        ID NO:30).

Light chain SEQ ID NO: 12 comprises

-   -   VL of atezolizumab (SEQ ID NO:31)    -   CKappa domain of atezolizumab with mutations S114A and N137K        (SEQ ID NO:32).

Bispecific antibodies with improved properties are also described, whichshow a higher binding affinity to CD38 and/or to PD-L1. For instance,such bispecific antibodies can show a Kd less than 1×10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁸ M,preferably less than 1×10⁻⁹ or 1×10⁻¹⁰ M, with respect to CD38 and/orPD-L1.

Design of the Linkers

The polypeptide linker, also designated “hinge-derived polypeptidelinker sequence” or “pseudo hinge linker”, comprises all or part of thesequence of the hinge region of one or more immunoglobulin(s) selectedamong IgA, IgG, and IgD, preferably of human origin. Said polypeptidelinker may comprise all or part of the sequence of the hinge region ofonly one immunoglobulin. In this case, said immunoglobulin may belong tothe same isotype and subclass as the immunoglobulin from which theadjacent CH1 domain is derived, or to a different isotype or subclass.Alternatively, said polypeptide linker may comprise all or part of thesequences of hinge regions of at least two immunoglobulins of differentisotypes or subclasses. In this case, the N-terminal portion of thepolypeptide linker, which directly follows the CH1 domain, preferablyconsists of all or part of the hinge region of an immunoglobulinbelonging to the same isotype and subclass as the immunoglobulin fromwhich said CH1 domain is derived.

Optionally, said polypeptide linker may further comprise a sequence offrom 2 to 15, preferably of from 5 to 10 N-terminal amino acids of theCH2 domain of an immunoglobulin.

The polypeptide linker sequence typically consists of less than 80 aminoacids, preferably less than 60 amino acids, still preferably less than40 amino acids.

In some cases, sequences from native hinge regions can be used; in othercases point mutations can be brought to these sequences, in particularthe replacement of one or more cysteine residues in native IgG1, IgG2 orIgG3 hinge sequences by alanine or serine, in order to avoid unwantedintra-chain or inter-chains disulfide bonds.

In a particular embodiment, the polypeptide linker sequence comprises orconsists of amino acid sequenceEPKX₁CDKX₂HX₃X₄PPX₅PAPELLGGPX₆X₇PPX₈PX₉PX₁₀GG (SEQ ID NO:13), whereinX₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅, X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different, are anyamino acid. In particular, the polypeptide linker sequence may compriseor consist of a sequence selected from the group consisting of

(SEQ ID NO: 14) EPKSCDKTHTSPPAPAPELLGGPGGPPGPGPGGG; (SEQ ID NO: 15)EPKSCDKTHTSPPAPAPELLGGPAAPPAPAPAGG; (SEQ ID NO: 16)EPKSCDKTHTSPPAPAPELLGGPAAPPGPAPGGG; (SEQ ID NO: 17)EPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSTPPTPSPSGG and (SEQ ID NO: 18)EPKSCDKTHTSPPSPAPELLGGPSTPPTPSPSGG.

A non-limitative example of a hinge-derived polypeptide linker which canbe used in a multispecific antigens-binding fragment of the invention isa polypeptide having SEQ ID NO:17. Said polypeptide consists of the fulllength sequence of human IgG1 hinge, followed by the 9 N-terminalamino-acids of human IgG1 CH2 (APELLGGPS, SEQ ID NO: 19), by a portionof the sequence of human IgA1 hinge (TPPTPSPS, SEQ ID NO: 20), and bythe dipeptide GG, added to provide supplemental flexibility to thelinker. In another preferred embodiment, the hinge-derived polypeptidelinker sequence is SEQ ID NO: 15 or SEQ ID NO:18.

In a particular embodiment, X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical or different, areThreonine (T) or Serine (S).

In another particular embodiment, X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical or different,are selected from the group consisting of Ala (A), Gly (G), Val (V), Asn(N), Asp (D) and Ile (I), still preferably X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical ordifferent, may be Ala (A) or Gly (G).

Alternatively, X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical or different, may be Leu (L),Glu (E), Gln (Q), Met (M), Lys (K), Arg (R), Phe (F), Tyr (T), His (H),Trp (W), preferably Leu (L), Glu (E), or Gln (Q).

In a particular embodiment, X₄ and X₅, identical or different, are anyamino acid selected from the group consisting of Serine (S), Cysteine(C), Alanine (A), and Glycine (G).

In a preferred embodiment, X₄ is Serine (S) or Cysteine (C).

In a preferred aspect, X₅ is Alanine (A) or Cysteine (C).

In a particular embodiment, X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different,are any amino acid other than Threonine (T) or Serine (S). PreferablyX₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different, are selected from the groupconsisting of Ala (A), Gly (G), Val (V), Asn (N), Asp (D) and Ile (I).

Alternatively, X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different, may be Leu(L), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Met (M), Lys (K), Arg (R), Phe (F), Tyr (T), His(H), Trp (W), preferably Leu (L), Glu (E), or Gln (Q).

In a preferred embodiment, X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different,are selected from the group consisting of Ala (A) and Gly (G).

In still a preferred embodiment, X₆ and X₇ are identical and arepreferably selected from the group consisting of Ala (A) and Gly (G).

In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide linker sequence comprises orconsists of sequence SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein

X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical or different, are Threonine (T), Serine (S);

X₄ is Serine (S) or Cysteine (C); X₅ is Alanine (A) or Cysteine (C);

X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different, are selected from the groupconsisting of Ala (A) and Gly (G).

In another preferred embodiment, the polypeptide linker sequencecomprises or consists of sequence SEQ ID NO: 13, wherein

X₁, X₂ and X₃, identical or different, are Ala (A) or Gly (G);

X₄ is Serine (S) or Cysteine (C); X₅ is Alanine (A) or Cysteine (C);

X₆, X₇, X₈, X₉, X₁₀, identical or different, are selected from the groupconsisting of Ala (A) and Gly (G).

Production of the Bispecific Antibodies:

The skilled person may refer to international patent applicationWO2013/005194, herein incorporated by reference, for general techniquesof expressing multispecific antibodies.

Also herein described is a polynucleotide comprising a sequence encodinga protein chain of the molecule or antibody of the invention. Saidpolynucleotide may also comprise additional sequences: in particular itmay advantageously comprise a sequence encoding a leader sequence orsignal peptide allowing secretion of said protein chain. Host-cellstransformed with said polynucleotide are also disclosed.

Typically, the amino acid sequences of different anti-CD38 andanti-PDL-1 monoclonal antibodies are used to design the DNA sequences,optionally after codon optimization for mammalian expression. For theheavy chain, the DNAs encoding signal peptides, variable region andconstant CH1 domain of Fab1 followed the hinge linker and variableregion and constant CH1 domain of Fab2 with flanking sequences forrestriction enzyme digestion are synthesized. For the light chain, theDNAs encoding signal peptides and variable and constant Kappa regionsare synthesized.

Nucleic acids encoding heavy and light chains of the antibodies of theinvention are inserted into expression vectors. The light and heavychains can be cloned in the same or different expression vectors. TheDNA segments encoding immunoglobulin chains are operably linked tocontrol sequences in the expression vector(s) that ensure the expressionof immunoglobulin polypeptides. Such control sequences include a signalsequence, a promoter, an enhancer, and a transcription terminationsequence. Expression vectors are typically replicable in the hostorganisms either as episomes or as an integral part of the hostchromosomal DNA. Commonly, expression vectors will contain selectionmarkers, e.g., tetracycline or neomycin, to permit detection of thosecells transformed with the desired DNA sequences.

In one example, both the heavy and light chain-coding sequences (e.g.,sequences encoding a VH and a VL, a VH-CH1 and a VL-CL, or a full-lengthheavy chain and a full-length light chain) are included in oneexpression vector. In another example, each of the heavy and lightchains of the antibody is cloned into an individual vector. In thelatter case, the expression vectors encoding the heavy and light chainscan be co-transfected into one host cell for expression of both chains,which can be assembled to form intact antibodies either in vivo or invitro. Alternatively, the expression vector encoding the heavy chain andthat or those encoding the light chains can be introduced into differenthost cells for expression each of the heavy and light chains, which canthen be purified and assembled to form intact antibodies in vitro.

In a particular embodiment, a host cell is co-transfected with threeindependent expression vectors, such as plasmids, leading to thecoproduction of all three chains (namely the heavy chain HC, and twolight chains LC1 and LC2, respectively) and to the secretion of thebispecific antibody.

More especially the three vectors may be advantageously used in afollowing molecular ratio of 2:1:1 (HC:LC1:LC2).

The recombinant vectors for expression the antibodies described hereintypically contain a nucleic acid encoding the antibody amino acidsequences operably linked to a promoter, either constitutive orinducible. The vectors can be suitable for replication and integrationin prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both. Typical vectors containtranscription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, andpromoters useful for regulation of the expression of the nucleic acidencoding the antibody. The vectors optionally contain generic expressioncassettes containing at least one independent terminator sequence,sequences permitting replication of the cassette in both eukaryotes andprokaryotes, i.e., shuttle vectors, and selection markers for bothprokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.

Bispecific antibodies as described herein may be produced in prokaryoticor eukaryotic expression systems, such as bacteria, yeast, filamentousfungi, plant, insect (e.g. using a baculovirus vector), and mammaliancells. It is not necessary that the recombinant antibodies of theinvention are glycosylated or expressed in eukaryotic cells; however,expression in mammalian cells is generally preferred. Examples of usefulmammalian host cell lines are human embryonic kidney line (293 cells),baby hamster kidney cells (BHK cells), Chinese hamster ovary cells/− or+DHFR (CHO, CHO-S, CHO-DG44, Flp-in CHO cells), African green monkeykidney cells (VERO cells), and human liver cells (Hep G2 cells).

Mammalian tissue cell culture is preferred to express and produce thepolypeptides because a number of suitable host cell lines capable ofsecreting intact immunoglobulins have been developed in the art, andinclude the CHO cell lines, various Cos cell lines, HeLa cells,preferably myeloma cell lines (such as NS0), or transformed B-cells orhybridomas.

In a most preferred embodiment, the bispecific antibodies of theinvention are produced by using a CHO cell line, most advantageouslyCHO-S or CHO-DG-44 cell lines or their derivatives.

Expression vectors for these cells can include expression controlsequences, such as an origin of replication, a promoter, and anenhancer, and necessary processing information sites, such as ribosomebinding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites, andtranscriptional terminator sequences. Preferred expression controlsequences are promoters derived from immunoglobulin genes, SV40,adenovirus, bovine papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus and the like.

The vectors containing the polynucleotide sequences of interest (e.g.,the heavy and light chain encoding sequences and expression controlsequences) can be transferred into the host cell by well-known methods,which vary depending on the type of cellular host. For example calciumphosphate treatment or electroporation may be used for other cellularhosts. (See generally Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual (Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2nd ed., 1989). When heavy and lightchains are cloned on separate expression vectors, the vectors areco-transfected to obtain expression and assembly of intactimmunoglobulins.

Host cells are transformed or transfected with the vectors (for example,by chemical transfection or electroporation methods) and cultured inconventional nutrient media (or modified as appropriate) for inducingpromoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding thedesired sequences.

The expression of the antibodies may be transient or stable.

Preferably, the bispecific antibodies are produced by the methods ofstable expression, in which cell lines stably transfected with the DNAencoding all polypeptide chains of a bispecific antibody, such asBiXAb-6567, are capable of sustained expression, which enablesmanufacturing of therapeutics. For instance stable expression in a CHOcell line is particularly advantageous.

Once expressed, the whole antibodies, their dimers, individual light andheavy chains, or other immunoglobulin forms of the present invention canbe further isolated or purified to obtain preparations thatsubstantially homogeneous for further assays and applications. Standardprotein purification methods known in the art can be used. For example,suitable purification procedures may include fractionation onimmunoaffinity or ion-exchange columns, ethanol precipitation,high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), ammonium sulfateprecipitation, and gel filtration (see generally Scopes, ProteinPurification (Springer-Verlag, N.Y., 1982). Substantially pureimmunoglobulins of at least about 90 to 95% homogeneity are preferred,and 98 to 99% or more homogeneity most preferred, for pharmaceuticaluses.

In vitro production allows scale-up to give large amounts of the desiredbispecific antibodies of the invention. Such methods may employhomogeneous suspension culture, e.g. in an airlift reactor or in acontinuous stirrer reactor, or immobilized or entrapped cell culture,e.g. in hollow fibers, microcapsules, on agarose microbeads or ceramiccartridges.

Mutated Derivatives and Mutations:

The polypeptide sequences that bind CD38 may derive from any anti-CD38antibody, e.g. selected from the group consisting of daratumumab,isatuximab, MOR-202 or their mutated derivatives.

The polypeptide sequences that bind PD-L1 may derive from any anti-PD-L1antibody, e.g. selected from the group consisting atezolizumab,durvalumab, avelumab, MDX-1105 or their mutated derivatives.

The term “mutated derivative”, “mutant”, or “functional variant”designates a sequence that differs from the parent sequence to which itrefers by deletion, substitution or insertion of one or several aminoacids. Preferably the mutated derivative preferably show at least 80%,preferably at least 85%, still preferably at least 90% homology sequencewith the native sequence. In a particular embodiment, the mutations donot substantially impact the function of the antibody.

Mutated derivatives, or functional variants, can comprise a VH chainthat comprises an amino acid sequence at least 85% (e.g., 90%, 92%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to any of the reference sequencesrecited herein, a VL chain that has an amino acid sequence at least 85%(e.g., 90%, 92%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to any ofthe reference sequences recited herein, or both. These variants arecapable of binding to CD38 and PD-L1. In some examples, the variantspossess similar antigen-binding affinity relative to the referenceantibodies described above (e.g., having a KD less than 1×10⁻⁷M, 10⁻⁸ M,preferably less than 1×10⁻⁹ or 1×10⁻¹⁰ M).

The affinity of the binding is defined by the terms ka (associate rateconstant), kd (dissociation rate constant), or KD (equilibriumdissociation). Typically, specifically binding when used with respect toan antibody refers to an antibody that specifically binds to(“recognizes”) its target(s) with an affinity (KD) value less than 10⁻⁷M, preferably less than 10⁻⁸ M, e.g., less than 10⁻⁹ M or 10⁻¹⁰ M. Alower KD value represents a higher binding affinity (i.e., strongerbinding) so that a KD value of 10⁻⁹ indicates a higher binding affinitythan a KD value of 10⁻⁸.

The “percent identity” of two amino acid sequences is determined usingthe algorithm of Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA87:2264-68, 1990, modified as in Karlin and Altschul Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 90:5873-77, 1993. Such an algorithm is incorporated into theNBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. J. Mol.Biol. 215:403-10, 1990. BLAST protein searches can be performed with theXBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequenceshomologous to the protein molecules of interest. Where gaps existbetween two sequences, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described inAltschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25(17):3389-3402, 1997. Whenutilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of therespective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used.

In other embodiments, the functional variants described herein cancontain one or more mutations (e.g., conservative substitutions) whichpreferably do not occur at residues which are predicted to interact withone or more of the CDRs.

It is herein described mutated derivatives, or functional variants,which are substantially identical to the reference antibody.

The term “substantially identical” or “insubstantial” means that therelevant amino acid sequences (e.g., in framework regions (FRs), CDRs,VH, or VL domain) of a variant differ insubstantially (e.g., includingconservative amino acid substitutions) as compared with a referenceantibody such that the variant has substantially similar bindingactivities (e.g., affinity, specificity, or both) and bioactivitiesrelative to the reference antibody. Such a variant may include minoramino acid changes, e.g. 1 or 2 substitutions in a 5 amino acid sequenceof a specified region. Generally, more substitutions can be made in FRregions, in contrast to CDR regions, as long as they do not adverselyimpact the binding function of the antibody (such as reducing thebinding affinity by more than 50% as compared to the original antibody).In some embodiment, the sequence identity can be about 85%, 90%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher, between the original and the modifiedantibody. In some embodiments, the modified antibody has the samebinding specificity and has at least 50% of the affinity of the originalantibody.

Conservative substitutions will produce molecules having functional andchemical characteristics similar to those of the molecule from whichsuch modifications are made. For example, a “conservative amino acidsubstitution” may involve a substitution of a native amino acid residuewith another residue such that there is little or no effect on thepolarity or charge of the amino acid residue at that position. Desiredamino acid substitutions (whether conservative or non-conservative) canbe determined by those skilled in the art. For example, amino acidsubstitutions can be used to identify important residues of the moleculesequence, or to increase or decrease the affinity of the moleculesdescribed herein. Variants comprising one or more conservative aminoacid substitutions can be prepared according to methods for alteringpolypeptide sequence known to one of ordinary skill in the art such asare found in references which compile such methods, e.g. MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, orCurrent Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel, et al., eds.,John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Conservative substitutions of aminoacids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within thefollowing groups: (a) M, I, L, V; (b) F, Y, W; (c) K, R, H; (d) A, G;(e) S, T; (f) Q, N; and (g) E, D.

The present disclosure also provides antibody variants with improvedbiological properties of the antibody, such as higher or lower bindingaffinity, or with altered ADCC properties on CD38 and/or PD-L1expressing cells.

Amino acid sequence variants of the antibody can be prepared byintroducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the antibody nucleicacid, or via peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example,deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residueswithin the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination ofdeletion, insertion, and substitution is made to achieve the finalconstruct, provided that the final construct possesses the desiredcharacteristics. Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequencevariants of the antibody can be prepared by a variety of methods knownin the art. These methods include, but are not limited to,oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCRmutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant ora non-variant (natural) version of the antibody. In one embodiment, theequilibrium dissociation constant (KD) value of the antibodies of theinvention is less than 10⁻⁷ M, particularly less than 10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁹ M or10⁻¹⁰ M. The binding affinity may be determined using techniques knownin the art, such as ELISA or biospecific interaction analysis (e.g.using surface plasmon resonance), or other techniques known in the art.

Any of the molecules described herein can be examined to determine theirproperties, such as antigen-binding activity, antigen-bindingspecificity, and biological functions, following routine methods.

Any of the molecules described herein can be modified to containadditional nonproteinaceous moieties that are known in the art andreadily available, e.g., by PEGylation, hyperglycosylation, and thelike. Modifications that can enhance serum half-life are of interest.

Throughout the present description, amino acid sequences are definedaccording to Kabat et al, Sequences of Proteins of ImmunologicalInterest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, Md. (1991).

Mutations can be located in constant domains. The bispecific antibodiesindeed advantageously comprise Fab fragments having mutations at theinterface of the CH1 and CL domains, said mutations facilitate cognatepairing of heavy chain/light chain and preventing their mispairing.

In a preferred embodiment, bispecific antibodies are described herein,which comprise

-   -   two Fab fragments with different mutated CH1 and mutated CL        domains consisting of        a) Fab fragment having mutated CH1 and mutated C-Kappa domains        derived from a human IgG1/Kappa, and the VH and VL domains of        Ab1,        b) Fab fragment having mutated CH1 and mutated C-Kappa domains        derived from a human IgG1/Kappa and the VH and VL domains of        Ab2,        c) a mutated light chain constant domain which is derived from        human Kappa constant domain,        the Fab fragments being tandemly arranged in the following order    -   the C-terminal end of the mutated CH1 domain of Ab1 Fab fragment        being linked to the N-terminal end of the VH domain of Ab2 Fab        fragment through a polypeptide linker,    -   the hinge region of a human IgG1 linking the C-terminal end of        mutated CH1 domain of Ab2 fragment to the N-terminal of the CH2        domain,    -   the dimerized CH2 and CH3 domains of a human IgG1.

In particular examples, bispecific antibodies are described, wherein theFab CH1 domain of one of Ab1 or Ab2 is a mutated domain that derivesfrom the CH1 domain of an immunoglobulin by substitution of thethreonine residue at position 192 of said CH1 domain with an asparticacid and the cognate CL domain is a mutated domain that derives from theCL domain of an immunoglobulin by substitution of the asparagine residueat position 137 of said CL domain with a lysine residue and substitutionof the serine residue at position 114 of said CL domain with an alanineresidue, and/or wherein the Fab CH1 domain of one or the other of Ab1 orAb2 is a mutated domain that derives from the CH1 domain of animmunoglobulin by substitution of the leucine residue at position 124 ofsaid CH1 domain with a glutamine and substitution of the serine residueat position 188 of said CH1 domain with a valine residue, and thecognate CL domain is a mutated domain that derives from the CL domain ofan immunoglobulin by substitution of the valine residue at position 133of said CL domain with a threonine residue and substitution of theserine residue at position 176 of said CL domain with a valine residue.

The antibodies of the invention may be glycosylated or not, or may showa variety of glycosylation profiles. In a preferred embodiment,antibodies are unglycosylated on the variable region of the heavychains, but are glycosylated on the Fc region.

Certain mutated derivatives may use humanized forms of the referenceantibody. In a humanization approach, complementarity determiningregions (CDRs) and certain other amino acids from donor mouse variableregions are grafted into human variable acceptor regions and then joinedto human constant regions. See, e.g. Riechmann et al., Nature332:323-327 (1988); U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539.

Therapeutic Uses:

The bispecific molecule, preferably antibody, of the invention is usefulas a medicament, in particular in treating a cancer.

The term “cancer” as used herein includes any cancer, especially ahematological malignancy, and any other cancer characterized by CD38 orPD-L1 expression or overexpression, and especially those cancerscharacterized by co-expression of both CD38 and PD-L1.

Examples of cancers are lymphoma or leukemia, such as Non-Hodgkin'slymphoma (NHL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia(AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia(CML), or multiple myeloma (MM), breast cancer, ovarian cancer, head andneck cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, pancreaticcancer, lung cancer, leiomyoma.

It is thus described a method of treatment of a patient suffering fromcancer by administering a bispecific molecule according to the inventionto said patient in the need of such treatment. Another aspect of theinvention is thus the use of the bispecific molecule according to theinvention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment ofcancer.

One aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising abispecific molecule according to the invention. Another aspect of theinvention is the use of a bispecific molecule according to the inventionfor the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition. A further aspect ofthe invention is a method for the manufacture of a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a bispecific molecule according to the invention.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition, e.g. apharmaceutical composition, containing a bispecific molecule as definedherein, formulated together with a pharmaceutical carrier.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutical carrier” includes any and allsolvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that arephysiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable forintravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal orepidermal administration (e.g. by injection or infusion).

A composition of the present invention can be administered by a varietyof methods known in the art. The route and/or mode of administrationwill vary depending upon the desired results.

To administer the bispecific molecule or antibody of the invention bycertain routes of administration, it may be necessary to coat thebispecific molecule or antibody of the invention with, or co-administerthe bispecific molecule or antibody of the invention with a material toprevent its inactivation. For example, the bispecific molecule orantibody of the invention may be administered to a subject in anappropriate carrier, for example, liposomes, or a diluent.Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents include saline and aqueous buffersolutions. Pharmaceutical carriers include sterile aqueous solutions ordispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation ofsterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media andagents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives,wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention ofpresence of microorganisms may be ensured both by sterilizationprocedures and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungalagents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, andthe like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such assodium chloride into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorptionof the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by theinclusion of agents, which delay absorption.

Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain anamount of the active ingredient, which is effective to achieve thedesired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, andmode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.

The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokineticfactors including the activity of the particular compositions of thepresent invention employed, the route of administration, the time ofadministration, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compoundsand/or materials used in combination with the particular compositionsemployed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and priormedical history of the patient being treated, and like factors wellknown in the medical arts. For example the bispecific molecule orantibody of the invention can be administrated at a dosage of 0.2-20mg/kg from 3 times/week to 1 time/month.

The present invention, thus generally described above, will beunderstood more readily by reference to the following examples, whichare provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limitingthe instant invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Preparation of Bispecific Antibodies BiXAb-4218,BiXAb-4219 and BiXAb-5104 Gene Synthesis

The amino acid sequences of different anti-CD38 and anti-PDL-1monoclonal antibodies were used to design the DNA sequences after codonoptimization for mammalian expression using GeneScript program. For theheavy chain, the DNAs encoding signal peptides, variable region andconstant CH1 domain of Fab1 followed the hinge linker and variableregion and constant CH1 domain of Fab2 with flanking sequences forrestriction enzyme digestion were synthesized by GeneScript. For thelight chain, the DNAs encoding signal peptides and variable and constantKappa regions were synthesized by GeneScript.

PCR reactions using PfuTurbo Hot Start were carried out to amplify theinserts which were then digested by NotI+ApaI and NotI+HindIII for heavyand light chains, respectively. The double digested heavy chainfragments were ligated with NotI+ApaI digested Evitria's proprietaryexpression vector in which the human IgG1 CH1+hinge+CH2+CH3 domains werealready inserted. The double digested light chain fragments were ligatedwith NotI+HindIII treated Evitria's proprietary vector. Plasmid DNAswere verified by double strand DNA sequencing.

Expression, Purification and Characterization

For a 50 mL scale expression, a total of 50 μg of plasmid DNAs inEvitria's proprietary vector (25 μg heavy chain+12.5 μg of each lightchain, LC1 and LC2) were mixed in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube, 1 mL of CHO SFMmedium containing 25 μL of 3 mg/mL PEI pH7.0 was added, incubated at RTfor 20 min. The mixture of DNA-PEI was loaded into 49 mL of FreeStyle™CHO-S cells at 1-2×10⁶ cells/mL in 125 mL shaking flask. Cells wereshaken for 6 more days. The supernatant was harvested by centrifugingcells at 3,000 rpm for 15 min. The harvested supernatant was purified byProtein A resin. Electrophoresis was performed under reducing conditionsand non-reducing conditions employing Gel Biorad Stain-Free 4-15% gelsand the corresponding running buffer. Samples were prepared by combiningthe purified BiXAb® antibodies with 2×SDS sample buffer and heating for5 min at 95° C. Preparation of reduced samples included the addition ofNuPAGE reducing agent prior to heating. The apparent MW was determinedusing Ladder Precision Plus Protein Unstained Standards (Biorad). FIG. 2presents the SDS-PAGE pattern of CD38/PD-L1 antibodies under reducingconditions. Two bands corresponding to the composite heavy chain and twoco-migrating light chains are observed and are of the expected molecularweight. FIG. 3 presents the SDS-PAGE pattern of CD38/PD-L1 antibodiesunder non-reducing conditions. The dominant band at 250 kDa correspondsto the complete CD38/PD-L1 BiXAb® molecule as expected.

For Dual Antigen Binding Plate ELISA Assay the following reagents wereused: Recombinant human CD38, Fc-tagged (Creative BioMart); biotinylatedHuman PD-L1, Avi Tag (AcroBiosystems); Streptavidin-HRP, (BiotechneRD-Systems). Human CD38-Fc fusion protein was coated with 100 μL/well at2 μg/mL in 1×PBS pH7.4 in Maxisorp plates at 4° C. overnight. The plateswere washed 5 times with 1×PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (1×PBST), thenblocked with 3% non-fat milk/1×PBST at 200 μL/well with shaking at RTfor 1 hr. 100 μL/well of BiXAb® 4218 and BiXAb® 4219 at 1 mg/ml stocksolution starting at 1/500 dilution in 1×PBS at 1:3 series dilutionswere added. The plates were incubated at RT for 1 hr with shaking,followed by 5 washes with 1×PBST. 100 μL/well of 1 μg/mL Biotin-humanPD-L1 protein in 1×PBS was added and plates were shaken at RT for 1 hr.After 5 washes with 1×PBST, 100 μL/well of 0.1 μg/mL ofStreptavidin-conjugated HRP in 1×PBS was added. The plates were shakenat RT for 1 hr followed by 5 washes with 1×PBST. 100 μL/well TMBsubstrate in 1×PBS was added for color development. The data werecollected at 405 nm for 0.1 sec per well on a Victor II multifunctionplate reader. FIG. 4 demonstrates the dual antigen binding profiles oftwo CD38/PD-L1 BiXAbs®. This profile confirms that both types of bindingdomains of these molecules (anti-CD38 domains and anti-PD-L1 domains)bind their cognate antigen targets.

Example 2. Preparation of Bispecific Antibody of the InventionBiXAb-6567 Gene Synthesis

The amino acid sequences of anti-CD38 (daratumumab) and anti-PDL1(atezolizumab) were used to design the DNA sequences, after codonoptimization for mammalian expression, using the GeneScript program.These antibodies are referred to as the “parental” anti-CD38 and the“parental” anti-PD-L1 mAbs.

The DNA construct of the heavy chain was designed as such: signalpeptide (SEQ ID NO:21), followed by sequence SEQ ID NO:10 [consisting ofthe variable region, followed by the constant CH1 domain of Fab1(anti-CD38), in which mutations Leu to Gln and Ser to Val at Kabatpositions 124 and 188 were introduced, respectively, followed by thelinker, followed by the variable region, followed by the constant CH1domain of Fab2 (anti-PD-L1), in which mutation Thr to Asp at Kabatposition 192 was introduced]; flanking sequences for restriction enzymedigestion were introduced on both ends of the heavy chain DNA construct.The DNA construct for the light chain was designed as such: signalpeptide (SEQ ID NO:21), followed by the variable region, followed by theconstant Kappa region. For the anti-CD38 light chain, mutations whereintroduced at Kabat positions 143 (Leu to Gln) and 188 (Ser to Val) inthe constant Kappa domain. For the anti-PDL1 light chain, mutations atKabat positions 133 (Val to Thr) and 176 (Ser to Val) were introducedinto the constant Kappa domain. All DNA constructs were synthesized byGene Art.

PCR reactions, using PfuTurbo Hot Start, were carried out to amplify theinserts, which were then digested with NotI and ApaI, and NotI andHindIII for heavy and light chains, respectively. The double digestedheavy chain fragments were ligated with NotI and ApaI treated pcDNA3.1expression vector (Invitrogen) into which the human IgG1 hinge followedby the CH2-CH3 domains were already inserted. The double-digested lightchain fragments were ligated with NotI and HindIII treated pcDNA3.1expression vector (Invitrogen). Plasmid DNAs were verified by doublestrand DNA sequencing.

Expression and Purification

The bispecific antibody BiXAb-6567 was produced employing transient geneexpression by co-transfecting 3 genes coded on separate vectors in a2:1:1=HC:LC1:LC2 molecular ratio (1 continuous heavy chain (HC) and 2light chains (LC)) in CHO-S cells adapted to serum-free medium insuspension (CHO SFM-II medium, Life Technologies™). Typically, for 50 mLscale expression, a total of 50 μg of plasmid DNA (25 μg heavy chain,12.5 μg of anti-CD38 light chain and 12.5 μg of anti-PD-L1 light chain)were mixed in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube, then 1 mL of CHO SFM mediumcontaining 25 μL of 3 mg/mL PEI transfection reagent pH7.0 (Polyplus)was added, and the reaction incubated at room temperature for 20 min.The DNA-PEI mixture was subsequently added to 49 mL of LifeTechnologies' Invitrogen FreeStyle™ CHO-S cells at 1˜2×106/mL in a 125mL shake flask. Cells were shaken for 6 days. The supernatant washarvested by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 15 min. The expressiontiter of BiXAb-6567 in the supernatant was determined using ForteBio'sprotein A biosensors (Octet® Systems). BiXAb-6567 was then purified onprotein A affinity resin (MabSelect SuRe, GE Healthcare Life Sciences).The antibody was eluted from protein A using 0.1 M glycine pH 3.5, andthe eluate was neutralized by 1 M TRIS. The purified antibody, inDulbecco's PBS (Lonza), was sterile-filtered (0.2 μM sterile filters,Techno Plastic Products AG), and the final concentration determined byreading the optical density (OD) at 280 nm (Eppendorf BioSpectrometer®).

BiXAab-6567 typically exhibited good expression titer (>180 mg/liter) intransient CHO expression. This level of expression is comparable to thelevel of expression seen with conventional monoclonal antibodies.

SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

In order to evaluate the quality of purified BiXAb-6567, we performedSDS-PAGE (Experion™ automated electrophoresis system, BioRad). In thepresence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the running buffer, the rateat which an antibody migrates in the gel depends primarily on its size,enabling molecular weight determination. This assay was performed undernon-reducing conditions and under reducing conditions; the latterpermits disruption of the disulfide bonds, and hence visualization ofindividual polypeptide chains (the light chains and the heavy chain).

The SDS-PAGE data are presented in FIG. 5 . Under non-reducingconditions, the quaternary structure of the antibody is maintained, andthe molecular weight observed should represent the sum of the molecularweights of the different heavy and light chains. The bispecific antibodyof the invention (BiXAb-6567) consists of six chains: two heavy chainsand four light chains. The theoretical molecular weight of BiXab-6567 is244.40 kDa, not accounting for post-translational modifications (PTM),e.g. N-glycosylation in the Fc at asparagine 297. The gel was calibratedusing a mixture of standards of known molecular weight. The non-reducingdata exhibit a major band running close to the 250 kDa molecular weightstandard, which is in accordance with the calculated molecular weightand the expected glycosylation of two asparagines at position 297 in theFc domain. Under reducing conditions, dithiothreitol (DTT) furtherdenatures BiXAb-6567 by reducing the disulfide linkages and breaking thequaternary structure, and thus the six polypeptide chains should migrateseparately in the gel according to their molecular weight. The twoidentical heavy chains of BiXAb-6567 co-migrate as a single band, andthe two pairs of light chains, due to their nearly identical molecularweight, co-migrated as the second band. Therefore, the data exhibit twomajor bands, at approximately 75 kDa and 25 kDa, based on the mobilityof the molecular weight standards. Each heavy chain possessed oneN-glycosylation site at asparagine 297, which explains the broadness ofthe higher molecular weight band and the observed molecular weightslightly higher than calculated (75.44 kDa); this broadening is typicalfor glycosylated proteins. The calculated molecular weights of the lightchains of anti-CD38 (23.40 kDa) and anti-PD-L1 (23.36 kDa) are verysimilar, and thus resulted in their co-migration.

In conclusion, the SDS-PAGE of BiXAb-6567 exhibited the expectedprofiles, under both non-reducing and reducing conditions, and was inagreement with the calculated theoretical molecular weights, whenaccounting for the existence of an N-glycosylation site in the heavychain.

Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis

Protein aggregation is frequently observed in engineered proteinmolecules. We performed analytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC)to assay the high molecular weight species content of the single-stepaffinity-purified BiXAb-6567 preparation (see Expression andPurification of variants). We employed an SEC-s3000 (300×7.8 mm) column(BioSep) and an Aktapurifier 10 system (GE Healthcare); the assay wasconducted at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using PBS buffer pH 7.4.

The SEC chromatogram presented in FIG. 6 demonstrated that the main peakcorresponded to the expected size of the monomeric BiXAb-6567; this peakrepresented 98.2% of the total sample. In addition, a small peakcorresponding to higher molecular weight species (possibly dimers) wasobserved; this peak represented 1.8% of the total sample. Thus, weconcluded that the percentage content of higher molecular weight speciesis minor, and is similar to conventional monoclonal antibodies producedin CHO expression systems. The narrow and symmetric shape of themonomeric peak suggested that BiXAb-6567 was correctly assembled and wasrepresented by a single species.

Example 3. Characterization of BiXAb-6567 by Differential ScanningCalorimetry

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to compare the thermalstability of BiXAb-6567, the parental anti-CD38 mAb, and the parentalanti-PD-L1 mAb. A Microcal™ VP-Capillary DSC system (MalvernInstruments) was used to perform differential scanning calorimetryexperiments.

All samples were centrifuged (20,000×g, 5 min, 4° C.), and their proteincontent was quantitated prior to the DSC analysis using a NanodropND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) employing the IgG analysisprogram. For assay, all samples were diluted in PBS to a finalconcentration of 1 mg/mL.

The pre-equilibration time was 3 min, and the resulting thermograms wereacquired between 20 and 110° C. at a scan rate of 60° C./h, a filteringperiod of 25 sec, and medium feedback. Prior to sample analysis, 5buffer/buffer scans were measured to stabilize the instrument, and abuffer/buffer scan was performed between each protein/buffer scan. Thedata were fit to a non-2-state unfolding model, with the pre- andpost-transition adjusted by subtraction of the baseline.

The DSC curves presented in FIG. 7 (covering the 50 to 100° C. range)demonstrated the manner in which individual Fv regions can lead todifferent Fab unfolding profiles; this experiment also demonstrated thatthe Fv regions dictate the apparent stabilities of the Fabs. The DSCprofile of the anti-CD38 mAb exhibited two transitions: a large peakhaving a Cp max of 170 Kcal/mole/oC and a Tm1 of 70.9° C., correspondingto the unfolding of both CH2 and Fab domains, and a small peak having aCp max of 20 Kcal/mole/oC and a Tm2 of 81.5° C., corresponding to theunfolding of the CH3 domain. The DSC profile of the anti-PD-L1 mAbexhibited two transitions: a small peak having a Cp max of 20Kcal/mole/oC and a Tm1 of 69.9° C., corresponding to the unfolding ofthe CH2 domain, and a large peak having a Cp max of 160 Kcal/mole/oC anda Tm2 of 83.4° C., corresponding to the unfolding of both CH3 and Fabdomains.

The DSC profile of BiXAb-6567 also exhibited two transitions with twolarge peaks. The first peak had a Cp max of 130 Kcal/mole/oC and a Tm1of 71.5° C., and corresponded to the unfolding of the CH2 and Fabdomains of the anti-CD38 mAb; the second peak had a Cp max of 170Kcal/mole/oC and a Tm2 of 81.5° C., and corresponded to the unfolding ofthe CH3 and Fab domains of the anti-PD-L1 mAb. Thus, the DSC profile ofBiXAb-6567 resembled the superposition of the two DSC profiles of thetwo parental mAbs, and illustrated the excellent assembly and stabilityof BiXAb-6567. The Tonset of BiXAb-6567 (63.3° C.) was similar to thatof the parental mAbs (anti-CD38 Tonset=63.5° C. and anti-PD-L1Tonset=63.2° C.), indicating that BiXAb-6567 possessed stabilityproperties similar to those of the parental antibodies. The calculatedΔH of BiXAb-6567 was 1560 kcal/mole, reflecting the larger size of thebispecific molecule relative to the two parental antibodies (anti-CD38ΔH=963 kcal/mole and anti-PD-L1 ΔH=820 kcal/mole).

Definitions

Tm or denaturation/melting temperature is the point at which theconcentration of the unfolded and folded species is equal, and is themidpoint of the unfolding transition. As a parameter, it describes thesusceptibility of the protein to thermal denaturation, and thus itrelates to the stability of the protein. The higher the Tm the morestable the protein.

Tonset is the temperature at which the unfolding transition begins. Thevalues for this parameter are usually 5 to 10° C. lower than the Tm. Itis also a parameter describing protein stability, but with relevance tothe resistance to thermal denaturation.

ΔH is the calorimetric enthalpy of unfolding, and reflects thedisruption of intramolecular interactions in the protein (i.e. breakingof intra- and inter-domain interactions). The thermal unfolding processis endothermic, and thus yields positive enthalpy values. Thecalorimetric enthalpy (ΔH) is the area under the thermal unfoldingtransition peak.

Example 4. Cell Free Binding Properties of BiXAb-6567 Direct CD38Antigen-Binding Plate ELISA Assay

100 μl of either parental mAb, anti-CD38 or anti-PDL1, each at aconcentration of 3 μg/mL, prepared by dilution with PBS pH 7.4, wereused to coat Maxisorp plates at 4° C. overnight. Also, BiXAb-6567, at aconcentration of 5 μg/mL, prepared by dilution with PBS pH 7.4, was usedto coat Maxisorp plates at 4° C. overnight. The plates were washed 5times with 1×PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST), and then blocked with200 μL/well 1% BSA in 1×PBS at room temperature for 2 hrs. The plateswere subsequently washed 5 times with 1×PBST. A seven-point 3-folddilution series of recombinant CD38 His/Flag-tagged (Creative Biomart)in 1×PBS, starting at 1 μg/mL, was prepared; 100 μL of each dilutionstep was added per assay well. The plates were incubated at roomtemperature for 1 hr, and washed 5 times with 1×PBST. 100 μL/well ofanti-Flag-tag antibody-conjugated HRP (Abcam), diluted 10,000-fold in1×PBS, was added and the plates were incubated at room temperature for 1hr. After 5 washes with 1×PBST, 100 μL/well of TMB substrate in 1×PBSwas added for colorimetric readout, and the plates incubated for 15 minat room temperature for color development. The assay data were collectedemploying a Victor2 microplate reader (Perkin Elmer) at 650 nm.

BiXAb-6567 exhibited a dose-dependent binding curve very similar to thatof the parental anti-CD38 antibody (FIG. 8A). The EC50 of CD38 bindingfor both antibodies were as follows: EC50[BiXAb-6567]=171 ng/mL andEC50[anti-CD38]=199 ng/mL. This result suggested that BiXAb-6567possessed correctly assembled anti-CD38 Fab domains, since it exhibitedbinding similar to that of the parental anti-CD38 mAb. The parentalanti-PDL1 mAb, used as a negative control, did not exhibit any binding,as expected.

Direct PDL1 Antigen Binding Plate ELISA Assay.

100 μL of biotinylated human PD-L1 protein (AcroBiosystems) at aconcentration of 1 μg/mL, prepared by dilution with 1×PBS pH7.4, wasused to coat Maxisorp plates at 4° C. overnight. The plates were washed5 times with PBST, and then blocked with 200 μL/well 1% BSA in 1×PBS atroom temperature for 2 hrs. The plates were subsequently washed 5 timeswith 1×PBST. Seven-point 3-fold dilution series of either the anti-CD38mAb (starting at 0.3 mg/mL), or the anti-PD-L1 mAb (starting at 0.3mg/mL), or BiXAb-6567 (starting at 0.5 mg/mL) in 1×PBS were prepared;100 μL of each dilution step was added per assay well. The plates wereincubated at room temperature for 1 hr and washed 5 times with 1×PBST.100 μL/well of anti-human antibody (IgG H&L)-conjugated HRP (Abliance),diluted 5,000-fold in 1×PBS, was added, and the plates were incubated atroom temperature for 1 hr. After 5 washes with 1×PBST, 100 μL/well ofTMB substrate in 1×PBS was added for colorimetric readout, and theplates incubated for 15 min at room temperature for color development.The assay data were collected employing a Victor2 microplate reader(Perkin Elmer) at 650 nm.

BiXAb-6567 exhibited a dose-dependent binding curve very similar to thatof the parental anti-PD-L1 antibody (FIG. 8B). The EC50 of PD-L1 bindingfor both antibodies were as follows: EC50[BiXAb-6567]=93 ng/mL andEC50[anti-PD-L1]=72 ng/mL. This result suggested that BiXAb-6567possessed correctly assembled anti-PD-L1 Fab domains, since it exhibitedbinding similar to that of the parental anti-PD-L1 mAb. The parentalanti-CD38 mAb, used as a negative control, did not exhibit any binding,as expected.

Dual Antigen-Binding ELISA Assay

100 μL of recombinant human Fc-tagged CD38 (Creative BioMart), at 2μg/mL prepared by dilution with 1×PBS pH7.4, was used to coat Maxisorpplates at 4° C. overnight. The plates were washed 5 times with 1×PBST,and then blocked with 200 μL/well 1% BSA in 1×PBS at room temperaturefor 2 hrs. The plates were washed 5 times with 1×PBST. A seven-pointthree-fold dilution series in 1×PBS of BiXAb-6567 (starting at 1 μg/mL)was prepared, and 100 μL of each dilution step was added per assay well.The plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hr, and subsequentlywashed 5 times with 1×PBST. 100 μL/well of 1 μg/mL biotinylated humanPD-L1 (AcroBiosystems) in 1×PBS was added, and the plates were incubatedat room temperature for 1 hr. After 5 washes with 1×PBST, 100 μL/well of0.1 μg/mL of streptavidin-conjugated HRP (Biotechne) prepared bydilution with 1×PBS was added. The plates were incubated at roomtemperature for 1 hr. After 5 washes with 1×PBST, 100 μL/well of TMBsubstrate in 1×PBS was added for colorimetric readout, and the platesincubated for 15 min at room temperature for color development. Theassay data were collected employing a Victor2 microplate reader (PerkinElmer) at 650 nm.

BiXAb-6567 exhibited a dose-dependent binding curve in the dual ELISAformat, suggesting that it possessed correctly assembled anti-CD38 andanti-PD-L1 Fab domains (FIG. 8C). This demonstrated that BiXAb-6567 is abispecific antibody capable of binding CD38 and PD-L1 simultaneouslywith EC50=144 ng/mL. Neither of the two parental mAbs, anti-CD38 oranti-PDL1, exhibited any binding in this dual ELISA format, as expected.

Example 5. Determination of Relative Binding Activity byFluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)

CHO-CD38 cells (CHO cells stably transfected with full length humanCD38) were cultured in DMEM-Glutamax-I medium supplemented with 100μg/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 10% fetal calf serum and 500μg/ml geneticin. SKOV-3 cells and RPMI-8226 cells were cultured in RPMI1640-Glutamax-I medium, supplemented with 100 μg/ml penicillin, 100μg/ml streptomycin, and 10% fetal calf serum.

3×105 cells (CHO-CD38, or SKOV-3, or RPMI-8226) per each sample wereused. Cells were washed 1× with the PBA solution (PBS supplemented with1% BSA and 0.05% Na-azide). For the determination of the FACS profiles,the cells were stained with the respective antibodies at a concentrationof 50 μg/ml in a volume of 30 μl. For the titration of BiXAb-6567 andthe parental anti-CD38 antibody, and subsequent determination of thebinding parameters, CHO-CD38 cells were stained with the respectiveantibodies at the indicated concentrations in a volume of 30 μl. Cellswere incubated for 30 min on ice and then washed 2 times with 1 ml ofPBA solution. Cells were incubated with fluorescently labelledanti-human kappa or anti-human IgG Fc gamma specific secondaryantibodies on ice in the dark for 30 min, and then washed 2 times with 1ml PBA solution; lastly, cells were re-suspended in a final volume of500 μl PBA solution. Samples were assayed using either an Epics-XL or aNavios flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter). 10.000 events were acquired ineach experiment.

The binding profiles of BiXAb-6567 and the parental anti-CD38 andanti-PD-L1 parental antibodies are presented in FIGS. 9A-C. We chose totest a multiple myeloma cell line, RPMI-8226, which expresses highlevels of CD38 and negligible levels of PD-L1 (FIG. 9A); a CHO-CD38 cellline that expressed a very high level of CD38 due to stably transfectedfull length CD38 (FIG. 9B); and an ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3,which is known to express PD-L1 (FIG. 9C). These profiles exhibited asingle peak for BiXAb-6567 that was very similar to the profiles of bothparental antibodies on the 3 cell lines. This suggested that BiXAb-6567is correctly folded and possesses binding attributes similar to those ofthe parental antibodies. As expected, CHO-CD38 expressed only CD38 andno PD-L1, whereas SKOV-3 expressed only PD-L1 and no CD38.

In order to quantitatively confirm that the binding properties ofBiXAb-6567 are similar to those of the parental anti-CD38 antibody, atitration of BiXAb-6567 and the anti-CD38 parental antibody wasperformed employing CHO-CD38 cells, as presented in FIG. 10 . The EC50of BiXAb-6567 was determined to be 17.1 nM and that of the parentalanti-CD38 was 8.5 nM, confirming the similar binding properties of theanti-CD38 Fab domains in BiXAb-6567 and in the parental anti-CD38antibody. Negative controls in this experiment, anti-PD-L1 and anti-CD20antibodies, demonstrated no binding to CHO-CD38 cells, as expected.

Example 6. Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) withUnfractionated Non-Preactivated Mononuclear Cells (MNC)

CHO-CD38, SKOV-3, and RPMI-8226 cells were cultured as described inExample 5 above.

For preparation of MNC the following procedure was employed. Freshlydrawn peripheral blood was anti-coagulated with citrate. Subsequently, 5ml of Ficoll-Paque PLUS solution was layered with 6 ml anti-coagulatedwhole blood. Samples were centrifuged for 20 min at 2,500 rpm at RT withno subsequent centrifuge breaking. MNC were collected from theplasma/Ficoll interface. The MNC cell suspension was diluted 1:10 in PBSand centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1,800 rpm at room temperature. Thesupernatant was removed, and the erythrocytes were lysed by addition of45 ml ice-cold distilled water to the cell suspension for 30 seconds,after which 5 ml of 10×PBS was added. The cells were centrifuged for 5min at 1800 rpm at room temperature and washed with 1×PBS three times toremove platelets. Finally cells were re-suspend in 5 ml cell culturemedium. Cell numbers were adjusted to achieve 40:1=Effector cell:Tumorcell ratio in the ADCC assays.

For the ADCC ⁵¹Chromium release assay, 1×10⁶ target cells (RPMI 8226,SKOV-3, or CHO-CD38) were incubated with 100 μCi 51Chromium in 200 μlPBS for 2 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 2 hours incubation, cellswere washed three times with 7 ml of medium and finally re-suspended ata concentration of 0.1×106 cells/ml. Target cells (5,000 cells/well) andMNC in the presence of antibodies were incubated in a 96-wellmicro-titer plate (200 μl assay volume) for 3 hours at 37° C. and 5%CO2. For the determination of maximal target cell lysis (=maximal cpm)Triton X-100 was added. To determine basal ⁵¹Chromium release (=basalcpm) target cells were not further manipulated. After 4 hr incubation,micro-titer plates were centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm and 25 μlsupernatant was mixed with 125 μl of Optiphase Supermix (Perkin Elmer)and incubated in a shake incubator for 1 min. Samples were assayed in aMicroBeta TriLux (Perkin Elmer) beta-counter instrument. Target celllysis was calculated using the following formula:

% lysis=(experimental cpm−basal cpm)/(maximal cpm−basal cpm)×100.

All of the measurements were performed in triplicate.

ADCC assays of CD38+ cells (RPMI-8226 and CHO-CD38) were performedemploying non-pre-activated MNC as effector cells (FIGS. 11 and 12 ) Theassays showed potent cytotoxicity of BiXAb-6567 and the anti-CD38antibody on RPMI-8226 cells with EC50 of 0.8 nM and 0.3 nM,respectively; on CHO-CD38 cells, the cytotoxicity of BiXAb-6567 and theanti-CD38 antibody had EC50 of 0.2 nM and 0.07 nM, respectively.Anti-PD-L1 showed minimal activity on both cells lines; two negativecontrol mAbs, anti-CD20 and anti-HER2, did not facilitate any lysis, asexpected. These results demonstrate the potent ADCC activity of BMX-6567against CD38+ cells, which is similar to that of the parental anti-CD38antibody.

Example 7. ADCC with Enriched Pre-Activated NK Cells

SKOV3 cells, RPMI 8226, and CHO-CD38 cells were cultured as described inExample 5. MNC were prepared as described in Example 6. NK cells wereisolated from MNC by negative selection employing the “NK cell isolationkit, human” (Miltenyi) according to the manufacturer's instructions. NKcells were cultivated over night at a seeding density of 2×10⁶ cells/mlin RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. IL-12 or IL-15was added to a final concentration of 10 ng/ml. ADCC assays wereperformed as outlined in Example 5 with the exception that the Effectorcell:Tumor cell ratio was kept at 10:1 and the duration of the reactionwas reduced to 3 hr.

The ADCC properties of the anti-PD-L1 moiety of the BiXAb-6567 wereassayed on the PD-L1+ cell line SKOV-3 employing either IL-12 or IL-15pre-activated enriched NK cells. The results are presented in FIGS. 13and 14 . This experiment compared the ADCC properties of BiXAb-6567 withthose of the parental anti-PD-L1 antibody; as a positive control ananti-HER2 antibody was employed, and as negative controls an anti-CD20antibody and the parental anti-CD38 antibody were employed since SKOV-3cells are PD-L1+/HER2+/CD20˜/CD38−. FIGS. 13 and 14 demonstrate thepotent ADCC activity of BiXAb-6567 and the parental anti-PD-L1antibodies, independently of whether IL-12 or IL-15 was employed inculturing the NK cells. The EC50 of BiXAb-6567 and the parentalanti-PD-L1 antibodies were 0.007 nM and 0.03 nM, respectively, whenIL-12 was used. The profiles were even more similar when IL-15 wasemployed; however the curve fits did not converge, thus preventing thecalculation of EC50 values. These results demonstrate the potent ADCCactivity of BMX-6567 against PD-L1+ cells, which is similar to that ofthe parental anti-PD-L1 antibody.

We claim:
 1. A bispecific molecule comprising at least one anti-CD38domain and at least one anti-PD-L1 domain, which are capable ofsimultaneous binding to CD38 and PD-L1 antigens, respectively.
 2. Thebispecific molecule of claim 1, which is an antibody or a fragmentthereof.
 3. The bispecific molecule of claim 2 which is a full lengthantibody comprising two heavy chains and four light chains, wherein eachheavy chain comprises a) a Fc region comprising Hinge-CH2-CH3 domains,b) which Fc region is linked to Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) of antibody 1(Ab1), c) which in turn is linked to the Fab heavy chain (CH1-VH) ofantibody 2 (Ab2), by a hinge-derived polypeptide linker sequence,wherein said polypeptide linker sequence links the N-terminus of saidFab heavy chain VH domain of Ab1 with the C-terminus of said CH1 domainof Ab2, and the four light chains comprise Fab light chains (CL-VL) ofAb1 and Fab light chains (CL-VL) of Ab2 associated with their cognateheavy chain domains; Ab1 and Ab2 being different and selected from thegroup consisting of anti-CD38 antibodies and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. 4.The bispecific molecule of claim 3, wherein Ab1 is an anti-CD38antibody, and Ab2 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
 5. The bispecific moleculeof claim 3, wherein Ab1 is an anti-PD-L1 antibody, and Ab2 is ananti-CD38 antibody.
 6. The bispecific molecule of claim 3, wherein theanti-CD38 antibody is selected from the group consisting of daratumumab,isatuximab, MOR-202, or their mutated derivatives.
 7. The bispecificmolecule of claim 3, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is selected fromthe group consisting of atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, MDX-1105 ortheir mutated derivatives.
 8. The bispecific molecule of claim 3,wherein the CH1 and CL domains of Ab1 have a sequence different from theCH1 and CL domains of Ab2.
 9. The bispecific molecule of claim 3,wherein the Fab CH1 domain of one of Ab1 or Ab2 is a mutated domain thatderives from the CH1 domain of an immunoglobulin by substitution of thethreonine residue at position 192 of said CH1 domain with an asparticacid and the cognate CL domain is a mutated domain that derives from theCL domain of an immunoglobulin by substitution of the asparagine residueat position 137 of said CL domain with a lysine residue and substitutionof the serine residue at position 114 of said CL domain with an alanineresidue, and/or wherein the Fab CH1 domain of one or the other of Ab1 orAb2 is a mutated domain that derives from the CH1 domain of animmunoglobulin by substitution of the leucine residue at position 124 ofsaid CH1 domain with a glutamine and substitution of the serine residueat position 188 of said CH1 domain with a valine residue, and thecognate CL domain is a mutated domain that derives from the CL domain ofan immunoglobulin by substitution of the valine residue at position 133of said CL domain with a threonine residue and substitution of theserine residue at position 176 of said CL domain with a valine residue.10. The bispecific molecule of claim 1, said bispecific moleculecomprising a) two heavy chains, each comprising SEQ ID NO: 10 and b)four light chains, two comprising SEQ ID NO: 11 and the other twocomprising SEQ ID NO:
 12. 11. A polypeptide which comprises a heavychain of the bispecific molecule according to claim
 1. 12. Apolynucleotide which comprises a sequence encoding the polypeptide ofclaim
 11. 13. A host cell transfected with an expression vectorcomprising the polynucleotide of claim
 12. 14. A method for producingthe bispecific molecule, said method comprising the following steps: a)Culturing in suitable medium and culture conditions a host cellexpressing an antibody heavy chain and antibody light chains accordingto claim 1, and b) Recovering said bispecific molecules from the culturemedium or from said cultured cells.
 15. A method of treating cancercomprising administering a bispecific molecule according to claim 1 to asubject having cancer.
 16. The method according to claim 15, whereinsaid cancer is multiple myeloma, lymphoma or leukemia.